A pen presses grooves into a paper calendar while someone scribbles down an appointment. An hour later, that person recalls the details faster and with greater accuracy than someone who typed the same ...

Hardware milestones such as Google’s 1,000‑qubit Willow system, IBM’s 433‑qubit Condor processor, and Atom Computing’s 1,225‑qubit neutral‑atom machine are now paired with scalable architectures and ...