Earth's crust today has a surprisingly similar composition to the planet's first outer shell, or "protocrust," new research finds. This early rocky shell featured chemical signatures previously ...

Climate change is usually associated with changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, but our planet's surface also plays a major ...

The tectonic plates are among the most powerful forces on Earth, exerting tremendous influence over every single life that unfolds on this planet. They are both creators and destroyers, capable of ...

V. 1. Wegener and the early debate -- v. 2. Paleomagnetism and confirmation of drift -- v. 3. Introduction of seafloor spreading -- v. 4. Evolution into plate tectonics "Resolution of the sixty year ...