Eating and being eaten is a normal process in nature. These predator–prey dynamics help to stabilize ecosystems. It ensures that individual species do not become too abundant, controls their ...

Max Planck scientists in Marburg have used a synthetic microbial community to study the gradual evolution of mutualism. The study demonstrates for the first time in detail how an evolutionary loss of ...

Cooperation is a guiding principle of everyday life. It’s as simple as following the rules of the road when driving or holding a door for a stranger; cooperation is a fundamental aspect of human ...

Researchers have demonstrated that intensified environmental variability (EV) can promote the evolution of cooperation through simulation based on evolutionary game theory. This result offers a new ...

The Society of Genes -- The Division of Labour -- The Prisoner's Dilemma -- Telling Hawks from Doves -- Duty and the Feast -- Public Goods and Private Gifts -- Theories of Moral Sentiments The Tribal ...

Tsukuba, Japan—Previous scholars have widely proposed that the emergence of advanced cognitive abilities and sociality in humans originated in Africa during the MSA. However, the specific mechanisms ...