“Mad honey” refers to honey containing grayanotoxins, diterpene neurotoxins produced by certain Rhododendron species. These toxins bind to voltage-gated sodium channels in excitable tissues, causing ...

Suggested Citation: "2 Toxicology." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Gulf War and Health: Updated Literature Review of Sarin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press ...

Cholinergic urticaria (heat bumps) can occur when a person’s core body temperature rises. Possible causes include exercise, stress, weather, and eating spicy foods. Small, round, itchy papules appear ...

The cholinergic system is based on the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), firstly recognized by Loewi in 1920s and found widely distributed in both central and peripheral nervous systems. The two ...