Athens and Sparta represented for classical thinkers distinct and opposing regimes. Democratic Athens took pride in its freedom, openness, and accomplishments in the arts and philosophy. Oligarchic ...

Bagnall (The Punic Wars, 2005), a former British army chief of the general staff, completed this rigorous study of ancient Greece's 27-year civil war just before his death in 2002. A seminal event in ...

Now that the war in Gaza appears to have come to an end and Hamas has returned the remaining 20 living hostages to their families, we can fully expect Israel’s enemies and other critics across the ...

Wars are no longer merely battles of physical strength. They are conflicts in which intelligence, technology, and science prevail.

In 418 BC Sparta defeated its neighbor and oldest rival, Argos, a city theoretically allied to Athens. One again, hostilities began to brew. In Athens, the charismatic aristocrat, Alcibiades, had been ...

Spartan warriors stand along the shores of Greece, taunting the Athenian troops aboard their naval ships. Athens controls the water, but the fierce and deadly Spartan army continues to dominate on ...

In 404 B.C., the Peloponnesian War ended as Athens surrendered to Sparta. In 1507, a world map produced by German cartographer Martin Waldseemueller contained the first recorded use of the term ...

The armistice of 423 lasted for a year before its terms expired. The Athenians then tried to retake one of their former colonies, Amphipolis, but the attempt ended in disaster, killing important ...